01
2018
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03
Organic electrode materials used in rechargeable sodium ion batteries
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Due to abundant resources and low prices, sodium ion batteries are considered as a potential large-scale energy storage battery system. Compared with a large number of reported inorganic electrode materials, organic materials have the following advantages. First, organic electrode materials are usually prepared by a mild method, and the reactions are mostly substitution
Due to abundant resources and low prices, sodium ion batteries are considered as a potential large-scale energy storage battery system. Compared with a large number of reported inorganic electrode materials, organic materials have the following advantages. First, organic electrode materials are usually prepared by a mild method, and the reactions are mostly substitution reactions or polymerization reactions at room temperature or below 200°C, which can reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions during the electrode preparation process; secondly, large Part of the organic electrode materials can be derived from natural products or their derivatives to meet the needs of sustainable development; in addition, organic electrode materials are based on the charge transfer reaction of the redox center and can withstand a large radius of sodium ions. The most important thing is that, after reasonable design, the specific capacity of organic cathode materials can be close to 500 ampere-hours per kilogram, which is much higher than the current reported inorganic cathode materials. In spite of the above advantages, organic electrode materials also have problems such as the active material being easily soluble in the organic electrolyte, poor conductivity, and low voltage, which need to be solved urgently.
The organic electrode materials currently used in sodium ion battery systems are mainly based on carbon-oxygen double bond reactions, doping reactions and carbon-nitrogen double bond reactions. Among them, the electrode materials based on the carbon-oxygen double bond reaction mainly include quinone compounds, carboxylate compounds, acid anhydrides and amide compounds. This type of compound has high capacity and stable cycle performance, and is currently the most extensively studied. Electrode materials based on doping reactions mainly include organic radical compounds, conductive polymers, microporous polymers, and organometallic compounds. Among them, the p-doping reaction is usually participated by the anions in the electrolyte, and the working potential is generally higher than 3 V. The n-doping reaction is participated by the cations in the electrolyte, and the working potential is generally below 2 V. Compounds based on the carbon-nitrogen double bond reaction mainly include Schiff bases, pteridine derivatives and so on. There is little research on this kind of electrode materials, and the working principle needs to be further explored. In addition, through a series of designs, the voltage, specific capacity, solubility, conductivity and other parameters of the organic electrode material can be adjusted reasonably. For example, by increasing the proportion of active functional groups in the molecule, the theoretical specific capacity of the electrode material can be increased. By adjusting the energy of the lowest unoccupied orbital energy level of organic molecules, the voltage of the material can be effectively controlled. The electron-drawing group can raise the working potential of the material, and the electron-donating group can lower the working potential of the material. By polymerizing organic molecules, the dissolution of electrode materials in the electrolyte can be effectively suppressed. Compounding with carbon materials can improve the conductivity of the material and promote the improvement of the rate performance of the electrode material.
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